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A Detailed Look: Europe and Central Asia
Europe and Central Asia is the third highest performing region following Latin America and the Caribbean and East Asia and the Pacific. In the 2009 SIGI, Europe and Central Asia was the top performing region. In the 2012 edition, the highest ranking country in the region is the Former Yugoslav Republic (FYR) of Macedonia, ranked fifth out of 86. The country with the lowest SIGI ranking is Azerbaijan ranked at 68 out of 86. The region ranks above all other regions for the Discriminatory Family Code sub-index and also shows a strong performance in the Restricted Physical Integrity and Restricted Resources and Entitlements sub-indices. The region’s weakest performance is in the Son Bias and Restricted Civil Liberties sub-indices.
In some countries, early marriage remains a concern with a highest prevalence in Bosnia and Herzegovina (17%), Georgia (14%), and Tajikistan (14%). In order to improve women’s rights in the family, some countries have revised their Family and Criminal Codes. For example, in 2011 the parliament of Azerbaijan passed an amendment to the Family Code which increased the minimum age of marriage to 18 for both women and men. Violence against women persists in the region but there is growing awareness of this problem, especially in relation to trafficking and domestic violence. Many countries have strengthened legislation and have established national plans to eliminate violence against women, although many countries are yet to criminalise spousal rape.
Son Bias is a growing concern in the region and the region shows change in this sub-index between the 2009 and 2012 editions of the SIGI. Sex-ratio data indicates that missing women is a problem in Georgia, Azerbaijan, Albania and Armenia. Data on the share of males as the last child also indicates a widespread prevalence of son bias across the region. Despite legal provisions granting women equal rights in access to land and property, a lack of awareness of rights or discriminatory attitudes mean that these rights are often not realised. Women’s political participation has been slowly rising over the last few years but has not yet achieved the critical mass target of 30%.
